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When you enjoy your morning coffee, you’re not just getting a caffeine boost. You’re also consuming chlorogenic acid, a compound with significant health benefits that often go unnoticed amidst the beverage’s rich aroma and robust flavor. Chlorogenic acid is a key player in promoting your well-being, offering advantages beyond the temporary energy spike caffeine provides.
We have developed a chlorogenic acid calculator to help you understand and quantify chlorogenic acid intake from your coffee. This tool calculates the amount of chlorogenic acid you consume in your coffee, enabling you to monitor its intake in relation to its health benefits more effectively.
Understanding the content and effects of chlorogenic acid in your coffee can empower you to make informed decisions about your coffee consumption. Our chlorogenic acid calculator lets you easily determine how much of this beneficial compound you get from your daily coffee ritual.
What is Chlorogenic Acid?
When someone refers to ‘chlorogenic acid’ in coffee, they generally talk about a family of related and diverse compounds that combine caffeic acid and quinic acid.
Image modified from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9181911/
The ‘chlorogenic acid’ molecule is 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA). However, the most abundant and well-studied of the chlorogenic acids in coffee is 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), also known as Neochlorogenic acid. This acid accounts for almost 60% of the total chlorogenic acids in green coffee beans[1].
| Coffee Acid | 2D Structure | 3D Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorogenic acid or 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA) |  |  |
| Neochlorogenic acid or 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) |  |  |
Chlorogenic acids are significant because they contribute to coffee’s flavor, antioxidant activity, and potential health benefits. They are present in high concentrations in green coffee and can influence the taste, making it bitter and astringent[1]. As coffee is roasted, the levels of chlorogenic acids decrease, affecting the coffee’s final taste and antioxidant properties [2].
References
[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9181911/
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8705492/
Features and Specifications
Chlorogenic acid, chemically known as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, is an ester of caffeic and quinic acid. It is a crystalline solid with a molecular formula of C16H18O9 and a molecular weight 354.31. Chlorogenic acid is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide, and its solubility in PBS (pH 7.2) is approximately 25 mg/ml[1][2]. The compound has a melting point of 210°C and exhibits antioxidant and inhibitor properties[1].
- Chlorogenic Acid | C16H18O9 | CID 1794427 – PubChem
- Chlorogenic acid – CAS-Number 327-97-9 – Order from Chemodex
Sources and Consumption
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenolic compound in plant foods. The primary dietary source of chlorogenic acid is coffee beans. CGA is also found in apples, pears, blueberries, tomatoes, and strawberries. CGA can also be found in vegetables such as artichokes, potatoes, and eggplants[2][4][12][13].
Green coffee, in particular, is the most abundant source of chlorogenic acid, with the main CGA in coffee being 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA)[2][4]. Medium-roasted coffees have reported CGA contents varying from about 1.7 to 3.5 g/100 g (dm) for C. arabica and from 1.0 to 4.3 g/100 g (dm) for C. canephora[5].
The estimated dietary intake of chlorogenic acid varies widely, ranging from 5 to 1000 mg per day[3][8]. Based on population intervention studies, daily oral doses of CGA from 13.5mg to 1200 mg have been used[3][8]. However, the optimal dosage of CGA is not known at this moment in time[9]. Some sources suggest that the user-recommended dose for chlorogenic acid ranges from 240 mg to 3,000 mg per day, depending on the specific supplement[12].
However, high doses of chlorogenic acid might increase homocysteine levels, which might be linked to conditions such as heart disease[6]. Therefore, consulting a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen is essential.
References:
[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6155416/
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9181911/
[3] https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/31/4/0164.pdf
[4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33337063/
[5] https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/5/1/11
[6] https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1264/green-coffee
[7] https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1541-4337.12620
[8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36576278/
[9] https://examine.com/supplements/green-coffee-extract/
[10] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157519304764
[11] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01554
[12] https://supplements.selfdecode.com/blog/chlorogenic-acid/
[13] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.943911/full
[14] https://examine.com/supplements/chlorogenic-acid/
[15] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-health-benefits-chlorogenic-acid-side-effects-leo-sun
[16] https://mpkb.org/home/food/chlorogenic_acid
[17] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-017-1379-1
[18] https://www.wellandgood.com/chlorogenic-acid-drinks/
[19] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/chlorogenic-acid
Chlorogenic Acid Calculator – How Much Acid Did You Drink Today?
Knowing your total chlorogenic acid intake from a day’s coffee drinking is essential due to its potential health benefits and side effects.
Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are the main antioxidant compounds in coffee. They are associated with several health benefits, including effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
However, high doses might increase homocysteine levels, which could be linked to conditions such as heart disease.
Therefore, monitoring your intake can help you understand your exposure to this compound and its potential effects on your health.
What is a polyphenol?
Chlorogenic acids are classified as polyphenols, but what is a polyphenol?
Polyphenols are a broad category of naturally occurring compounds found in plants, characterized by multiple phenol units, which are structures consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
The hydroxyl group is also a standard alcohol structure and is often given the suffix ‘ol’ in a chemical name such as ethanol.
Image source: By Yikrazuul – Own work, Public Domain,
Polyphenols are a group of chemicals that naturally occur in many plants. They’re like the plant’s little health boosters, helping it stay strong and healthy. When we eat plant-based foods, we get to enjoy these benefits too!
Polyphenols are known for their antioxidant properties, contributing to the defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens.
In the case of chlorogenic acid, it functions as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis, which is crucial for plants’ structural integrity and defense [1].
References
Health Benefits of Chlorogenic Acid
Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
Chlorogenic acid plays a crucial role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. It has improved insulin resistance and reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases[2][3]. CGA affects glucose metabolism by delaying glucose absorption in the intestine and decreasing hepatic glucose output[2]. This action is beneficial for managing blood sugar levels and combating metabolic disorders.
Antioxidant Properties
CGA exhibits antioxidant activity, which is crucial for protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and contributing to the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
CGA’s antioxidant effect is facilitated by its polyhydroxyl structure, which enables it to directly scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress[22]. Molecular simulations have also demonstrated evidence of CGA’s antioxidant activity through its hydrogen-donating properties[10].
Mechanisms of Chlorogenic Acid Anti-inflammatory Properties
This section is for those of you who want to delve deeper into the mechanisms of chlorogenic acids’ role as an anti-inflammatory.
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through several mechanisms:
1. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production: CGA significantly inhibits the production of NO, which is a pro-inflammatory mediator[1][4].
2. Suppression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines: CGA attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)[1][2].
3. Reduction of COX-2 Expression: CGA reduces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme involved in the inflammatory process[1][4].
4. Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway: CGA inhibits the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key transcription factor that regulates the expression of various inflammatory genes[1][4][5].
5. Scavenging Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: CGA reduces pro-inflammation by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, which are involved in oxidative stress and inflammation[3].
6. Modulation of Signaling Pathways: CGA modulates key signaling pathways, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB, which are associated with the inflammatory response[2][5].
These anti-inflammatory effects suggest that chlorogenic acid may be beneficial for preventing and treating inflammatory diseases. However, it is important to note that while these effects have been observed in cellular and animal models, further clinical trials are needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of CGA in humans[2].
References
[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24127072/
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10534970/
[3] https://labanimres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42826-022-00148-x
[4] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00011-013-0674-4
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023011246
Chlorogenic acid and Weight Management
Several studies have associated chlorogenic acid (CGA) with weight loss and fat reduction. The mechanisms by which CGA may contribute to weight loss are not fully understood, but several potential pathways have been suggested.
Mechanisms of Action
1. Reducing Fat Absorption and Metabolism Alteration: CGA may reduce fat absorption and increase metabolism, which can reduce body weight[9][18].
2. Inhibition of Carbohydrate Absorption: CGA has been shown to interfere with the absorption of carbohydrates in the digestive system, which can lead to lower blood sugar levels and reduced fat accumulation[18].
3. Influence on Glucose Metabolism: CGA may modulate glucose metabolism, contributing to weight loss by altering how the body metabolizes fat and carbohydrates[16].
4. Increasing Fat Burning: There is evidence that CGA from coffee can increase fat burning during sleep, which may contribute to weight loss[17].
5. Anti-obesity Properties: CGA has been linked to anti-obesity properties, potentially through regulating glucose and lipid metabolism[6][8].
Clinical Evidence
A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial found that coffee enriched in CGA reduced abdominal fat in overweight adults[1].
Another study indicated that supplementation of green coffee bean extract, which is high in CGA, increased the lean mass/fat mass ratio in healthy overweight subjects[6].
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded that green bean coffee extract with CGA at 500 mg/day lowers body weight[4].
CGA-rich coffee has been shown to reduce weight and risk factors for heart disease in clinical trials[17].
Considerations
The roasting process of coffee beans reduces the CGA content, which is why unroasted green coffee beans are often used in studies related to weight loss[3].
The bioavailability and metabolism of CGA can vary among individuals, which may affect the efficacy of CGA for weight loss[2].
While evidence supports the weight loss benefits of CGA, more rigorous and long-term human studies are needed to fully understand its effects and safety [7] [12].
In summary, chlorogenic acid in coffee, mainly green coffee, has been associated with weight loss through various mechanisms, including reducing fat absorption, altering metabolism, and influencing glucose metabolism. However, further research is needed to fully establish the efficacy and safety of CGA as a weight loss supplement.
References
[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683100/
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9181911/
[3] https://www.healthline.com/health/can-green-coffee-bean-help-you-lose-weight
[4] https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-023-02311-4
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095175000875
[6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7983441/
[7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943088/
[8] https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/5/1/11
[9] https://www.healthifyme.com/blog/green-coffee-for-weight-loss/
[10] https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/clinicalchallenge/green-coffee-extract-a-weight-loss-aid/
[11] https://examine.com/supplements/chlorogenic-acid/research/
[12] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-health-benefits-chlorogenic-acid-side-effects-leo-sun
[13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/chlorogenic-acid
[14] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.943911/full
[15] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318611
[16] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2156587213496818
[17] https://supplements.selfdecode.com/blog/chlorogenic-acid/
[19] https://examine.com/supplements/chlorogenic-acid/
Cardiovascular Health
Chlorogenic acid contributes to cardiovascular health in the following ways.
Reduces Blood Pressure
CGA has been shown to help lower blood pressure, which is important because high blood pressure can strain the heart and lead to cardiovascular diseases[1][7][10][14].
Antioxidant Properties
CGA is a potent antioxidant, which means it can help protect your body from damage by harmful molecules called free radicals. Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, is associated with heart disease[1][3][7].
Anti-inflammatory Effects
Chronic inflammation can lead to heart disease, and CGA has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce this risk[2][9][10].
Improves Blood Lipid Profile
CGA can influence lipid metabolism, which could help manage cholesterol levels and other fats in the blood. High levels of certain types of cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease[10].
Regulates Glucose and Insulin
Poor regulation of glucose and insulin can lead to type 2 diabetes, a risk factor for heart disease. CGA has been found to improve glucose and insulin regulation[2][14].
Prevents Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, can lead to heart disease. CGA has been shown to lower the risk and progression of atherosclerosis[1][10][14].
Inhibits Platelet Aggregation
Platelets are tiny blood cells that clump together to form clots. While clotting is essential for stopping bleeding, excessive platelet aggregation can lead to thrombosis, which can cause heart attacks and strokes. CGA inhibits platelet aggregation, which can prevent the formation of dangerous clots[1][3][5][7][11][15].
Improves Endothelial Function
The endothelium is the inner lining of blood vessels, and its proper function is vital for cardiovascular health. CGA improves endothelial function, often compromised in diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases. It does this by reducing oxidative stress and preserving nitric oxide (NO) levels, which is crucial for maintaining the flexibility of blood vessels and regulating blood pressure[2][4][10][12][14][16].
In summary, CGA contributes to cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, acting as an antioxidant, reducing inflammation, improving blood lipid profiles, regulating glucose and insulin, preventing atherosclerosis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and improving endothelial function. However, it’s important to remember that these benefits are part of a broader healthy lifestyle, and you should consult with a healthcare provider before making any significant changes to your health regimen.
References
[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22885765/
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829538/
[3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3944540/
[4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095175000796
[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332222008605
[7] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figures?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0090699
[8] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf303440j
[9] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adhm.202202205
[10] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0300060520985363
[12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522005949
[13] https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2012-0048/pdf
[14] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-018-1611-7
Cognitive Function and Mood
Studies suggest chlorogenic acid can support healthy cognitive function and positively affect mood. Consuming foods rich in CGA may enhance mental stamina and well-being.
Cognitive Function
Research has shown that CGA may improve certain aspects of cognitive function. For example, a study found that short-term CGA intake improved adults’ psychomotor and motor speeds [4]. Another study suggested that a 6-month intake of CGAs led to improved scores on cognitive test batteries, indicating potential cognitive-improving benefits[1]. However, other studies have reported mixed results, with some not finding significant improvements in cognitive function after CGA administration[1][3].
Mood
Regarding mood, some studies have reported positive effects. For instance, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial found that acute administration of CGAs exerted some positive mood and mood-related behavioral effects[1]. Another study involving coffeeberry extract, which is rich in CGAs, showed improvements in mood as measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS), with participants experiencing lower mental fatigue and increased alertness while performing cognitively demanding tasks[2].
Neuroprotective Effects
Chlorogenic acid is a natural compound found in many fruits and vegetables that has been shown to have protective effects on the brain, known as neuroprotective effects. Here’s how it works in simpler terms:
Protects Brain Cells
Chlorogenic acid can help protect brain cells from damage. This is especially important in conditions like Parkinson’s disease, where the loss of specific brain cells leads to symptoms of the disease[3].
Fights Off Damage from Lack of Oxygen
Sometimes, parts of the brain can get damaged if they don’t receive enough oxygen, a condition that can happen during a stroke. Chlorogenic acid has been found to protect the brain in such situations by activating specific protective pathways in the brain[5].
Reduces Inflammation
Inflammation in the brain can lead to or worsen neurological diseases. Chlorogenic acid helps by reducing inflammation and protecting the brain from further damage[5].
Acts as an antioxidant
Chlorogenic acid has antioxidant properties, which can fight off harmful molecules called free radicals. Free radicals can damage cells, including brain cells, so having antioxidants can help keep the brain healthy[2].
Improves Brain Function
Studies have shown that diets rich in chlorogenic acid can improve mood and cognitive function, including memory and decision-making[1].
Supports Brain Recovery
In conditions like brain ischemia (where part of the brain doesn’t get enough blood flow) and depression, chlorogenic acid has the potential to aid recovery by protecting cells and possibly improving brain function[1][2].
In summary, chlorogenic acid can protect the brain and improve its function through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and by directly safeguarding brain cells from damage. This makes it a compound of interest for potentially helping with various brain-related conditions. However, while these effects are promising, more research is needed to fully understand how chlorogenic acid can be used in medical treatments[2][4].
References
[1] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89964-0
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543670/
[3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299923004624
[4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25130715/
[5] https://biosignaling.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12964-022-00860-0
Chlorogenic Acid and Cancer
Chlorogenic acid, a natural compound found in many fruits and vegetables, has shown promise in the fight against cancer through various actions:
Slows Cancer Growth
It can halt the growth and division of cancer cells, which is crucial for controlling the spread of cancer[1].
Kills Cancer Cells
Chlorogenic acid can initiate apoptosis, which leads to the self-destruction of cancer cells, helping to reduce the number of cancer cells in the body[1].
Changes Cancer Cell Behavior
This compound can potentially make cancer cells act more like normal cells, which could slow down the progression of the disease[1].
Prevents Cancer
Chlorogenic acid can interfere with specific cellular signals, which may help prevent cancer from developing in the first place[1][2].
Stops Cancer Spread and Boosts Immunity
In the context of breast cancer, chlorogenic acid has been found to inhibit the spread of cancer, enhance the body’s immune response against tumors, and promote the self-destruction of cancer cells[1].
Makes Chemotherapy More Effective
It has been identified as a potential chemosensitizer, meaning it could make cancer cells more susceptible to chemotherapy, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of cancer treatment[3].
In summary, these findings underscore the potential of chlorogenic acid as a beneficial tool in cancer prevention and therapy. However, it’s important to note that more research, including clinical trials, is needed to fully understand how chlorogenic acid can be used effectively in cancer treatment[1][2][3].
References
[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661822004510
[3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073821/
Safety and Side Effects
While chlorogenic acid is generally considered safe, consuming high doses might increase homocysteine levels, potentially linked to heart disease. It is also essential to view the caffeine content in green coffee, as it might exacerbate certain conditions such as anxiety disorders, bleeding disorders, and diabetes[16]. (See toxicity later in this post).
In conclusion, chlorogenic acid is a potent polyphenol with numerous health benefits, particularly in regulating metabolism, supporting cardiovascular health, and promoting weight management. Its widespread presence in coffee and various fruits and vegetables makes it an accessible component of a healthy diet. However, as with any dietary supplement or component, moderation and consideration of individual health conditions are crucial.
References
[1] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorogenic-Acid
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766985/
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36576278/
[4] https://fnkprddata.blob.core.windows.net/domestic/data/datasheet/CAY/70930.pdf
[5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9278960/
[6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.943911/full
[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/chlorogenic-acid
[8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28391515/
[9] https://www.scbt.com/p/chlorogenic-acid-327-97-9
[10] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-017-1379-1
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid
[12] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-health-benefits-chlorogenic-acid-side-effects-leo-sun
[13] https://www.unicityscience.org/5-benefits-of-chlorogenic-acid/
[14] https://phyproof.phytolab.com/en/reference-substances/details/chlorogenic-acid-89175
[15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/chlorogenic-acid
[16] https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1264/green-coffee
How Toxic is Chlorogenic Acid?
The toxicity of a chemical can be measured by the LD50, which stands for “Lethal Dose 50%.” The LD50 is the amount of a substance that, when administered in a single dose, causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals, typically rats or mice. It is a standard measure of acute toxicity and is used to compare the short-term poisoning potential of different materials.
The LD50 is usually expressed in terms of the weight of chemicals per weight of an animal (e.g., milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight). A lower LD50 indicates a higher level of toxicity.
The LD50 of chlorogenic acid varies depending on the species and the route of administration. For redwing blackbirds, the oral LD50 of chlorogenic acid is more significant than 100 mg/kg[1]. In immature rats, the oral LD50 is more than 1 g/kg body weight (BW)[7].
Another source reported the acute oral toxicity of chlorogenic acid to be greater than 2000 mg/kg BW in rats and more significant than 1580 mg/kg BW in mice[8]. Yet another source reported an LD50 of 4000 mg/kg for rats when administered intraperitoneally[9].
The LD50 indicates toxicity in the following ranges…
Extremely toxic <5 mg/kg
Highly toxic 5 to 50 mg/kg
Moderately toxic 50 to 2000 mg/kg
Slightly toxic, more than 2000 mg/kg
A chemical with a small LD50 (e.g., 1 mg/kg) is considered highly toxic. A chemical with a large LD50 (e.g., 2,000 mg/kg or above) is considered slightly harmful. Consequently, chlorogenic acid is considered slightly toxic.
As a comparison, botox is ‘extremely toxic,’ and caffeine is ‘highly toxic.’ See our table in our post ‘How Much Caffeine Did You Drink Today?’ for a table of other chemicals and their toxicity.
The LD50 isn’t the complete story because it doesn’t tell us the rate at which the chemical (caffeine, in our case) becomes toxic as the dose increases. However, for our purposes, we will use it as a guide.
It’s important to note that most LD50 values are derived from animal studies, and the exact toxic level in humans may vary (this is also why we try to calculate the human equivalent of the LD50 – see below).
Furthermore, individual responses can differ based on age, sex, health status, and other unique characteristics. As with any substance, consuming chlorogenic acid within the recommended dietary limits is recommended to avoid potential adverse effects.
References
[2] https://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB2478906_EN.htm
[3] https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5540
[4] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorogenic-Acid
[6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9261855/
[7] https://pharmacyeducation.fip.org/pharmacyeducation/article/download/2017/1467
[8] https://www.jfda-online.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=journal
[9] https://goldbio.com/documents/4677/C-135.pdf
[10] https://molekula.com/catalog/download/327-97-9/51550597-chlorogenic-acid/safety-data-sheet
What is the Human Equivalent Dose (HED) of Chlorogenic Toxicity?
As you can see, many of the published values of LD50 for chlorogenic acid toxicity come from animal studies. Consequently, we don’t know the LD50 of chlorogenic acid in humans.
We can’t directly determine the LD50 for humans. It would require administering potentially lethal doses of a substance to human subjects to find the dose that would kill half of them. Not ideal!
Consequently, we have to resort to an indirect method to calculate the human equivalent of the LD50, called the ‘Human Equivalent Dose.’ We used this method to examine caffeine intake for our caffeine calculator.
The human equivalent dose (HED) of the LD50 is a theoretical estimate that translates the lethal dose (LD50) from animal studies to an equivalent dose in humans.
This conversion is based on body surface area rather than body weight because physiological processes are more closely related to body surface area. The process involves several steps and conversion factors that account for differences between species.
To calculate the HED from an animal LD50, you would typically:
1. Convert the animal LD50 from mg/kg to mg/m² using the animal’s body surface area conversion factor (Km factor).
2. Convert this dose to the human equivalent by dividing it by the human Km factor.
3. Apply a safety factor to account for interspecies differences and individual variability among humans.
For example, if the LD50 for a rat is known, you would use the following formula to calculate the HED:
HED mg kg = Animal LD50 mg kg x (Animal Km/Human Km)
The Km factor is a constant that relates body surface area to body weight and differs between species. The Km factor is typically around 6 for rats, and for humans, it is around 37.
After calculating the HED, a safety factor is often applied to the resulting dose to ensure an extra margin of safety for humans. This safety factor can vary but is usually ten or more.
In our post on the caffeine calculator, we used a conversion factor (divide animal dose by 6.2 or multiply by 0.162) from the scientific literature (Nair & 2016) to convert rat LD50 into an estimate of human LD50.
Consequently, using the rat LD50 value of 2000 mg/kg for oral chlorogenic acid intake, we get a HED for chlorogenic acid equal to 322.6 mg/kg.
It’s important to note that this method provides an estimate and that the actual safe dose in humans may differ. The LD50 measures acute toxicity and does not account for long-term effects or toxicity from repeated exposures. Additionally, the LD50 values are derived from animal studies, and the exact toxic level in humans may vary due to differences in physiology and metabolism[1][2][3][4].
References
[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804402/
[2] https://www.fda.gov/media/72309/download
[3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8113299/
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose
[5] https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/lethal-dose-ld.html
[6] https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.07-9574LSF
What does the Chlorogenic HED mean when you drink coffee?
If we use the human (HED) value of caffeine of about 323 mg/kg, then if you weigh 70 kg, your potential lethal dose of chlorogenic acid would be about 22610 mg or about 23 g (0.8 oz)
(323 mg/kg x 70 kg = 22610 mg).
You would need to ingest about 23 g of chlorogenic acid in one dose simultaneously to have potentially lethal effects.
How many cups of coffee would you drink to ingest 23 g of chlorogenic acid?
Let us assume that a 30 ml single shot of espresso coffee has about 1.64 mg/ml of chlorogenic acid (we used the value from Poole et al. 2019. We also use mg, ml, kg for our calculations because most scientific studies use the metric system).
This gives 49.2 mg of chlorogenic acid in one 30 ml shot (30 ml x 1.64 mg/ml = 49.2 mg/ml).
Consequently, you would need to drink over 459 espresso shots or 13770 ml (465 fl. oz) of espresso in one go! Is this possible? Probably not, and why the heck would you?
References
Nair, A. B., & Jacob, S. (2016).
Poole, R., Ewings, S., Parkes, J., Fallowfield, J. A., & Roderick, P. (2019)
What other acids are in your coffee?
Coffee contains various acids besides chlorogenic acid that contribute to its unique flavor profile, with at least nine significant types identified. These acids include:
Citric Acid: Found mainly in Arabica beans or beans grown at higher altitudes, citric acid contributes to coffee’s light, fruity flavors.
Malic Acid: Associated with the taste of apples and pears, malic acid is often found in coffees with a flavor reminiscent of pitted fruits like plums and peaches.
Phosphoric Acid: Unlike most other acids, phosphoric acid has a sweeter taste, contributing hints of mango or grapefruit to the coffee.
Acetic Acid: Known for its presence in vinegar, acetic acid in small amounts can add a pleasant sharpness to coffee, but more significant amounts may result in a vinegary taste.
Quinic Acid: This acid contributes to the bitterness in coffee and can become more pronounced as the coffee cools down.
Lactic Acid: Found in lower concentrations, lactic acid affects the mouthfeel and body of the coffee, contributing to a smoother sensation.
Linoleic Acid: This fatty acid is less about flavor and more about the coffee’s body and mouthfeel.
Palmitic Acid: This fatty acid is less about flavor and more about the coffee’s body and mouthfeel.
The presence and concentration of these acids can vary based on several factors, including the type of coffee bean, the altitude at which it was grown, the processing method, and the roasting profile. Lighter roasts tend to retain more of the original acids found in green coffee beans, while darker roasts may have lower levels of some acids due to the breakdown and transformation that occurs during roasting[1][2][4][7].
Understanding the types of acids in coffee and how they influence flavor can enhance the coffee-drinking experience, allowing individuals to select beans and roasts that align with their taste preferences.
References
[1] https://mitalenacoffee.com/blogs/news/know-the-types-of-acid-in-your-coffee-11
[3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4036337/
[5] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2021.1957767
[6] https://climpsonandsons.com/blogs/journal/types-of-acidity-in-coffee
[7] https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-coffee-acidic
Acidity of Coffee
Among all the coffee acids, chlorogenic acid is typically the most abundant, followed by quinic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid[1]. The concentration of these acids contributes to the overall pH of coffee, which generally ranges from 4.85 to 5.10, making it an acidic beverage[1][3].
While all these acids contribute to coffee’s pH and flavor profile, chlorogenic acids are particularly significant due to their high concentration. They are a group of esterified compounds that can account for up to 6-8% of the dried weight in Arabica coffee and up to 10% in Robusta[1]. During roasting, chlorogenic acids can degrade into quinic and caffeic acids, which can influence the perceived acidity and bitterness of the coffee[1].
It’s important to note that coffee is acidic; its pH is less than that of other beverages, such as orange juice, beer, and soda. Despite its acidity, most coffee lovers do not have a problem with the acidity level of coffee. However, acidity can negatively affect certain health conditions in some people, such as acid reflux and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)[4].
In summary, while many acids contribute to the pH of coffee, chlorogenic acid is typically the most prevalent and, therefore, significantly impacts the beverage’s acidity.
References
[1] https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-coffee-acidic
[3] https://sevenmountainscoffee.com/blogs/news/what-is-the-ph-of-coffee
[4] https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-coffee-acidic
Strength of Coffee Acids
The strength of coffee acids can be measured by their pKa.
The pKa is a term used to describe the strength of an acid. The number tells you how easily an acid gives up its hydrogen ions to its solution.
The lower the pKa value, the stronger the acid because it means the acid is more willing to give up its hydrogen ions. Conversely, a higher pKa value indicates a weaker acid, which holds onto its hydrogen ions more tightly.
Low pKa = strong acid
High pKa = weal acid
This concept is important in many areas, including medicine and chemistry, because it helps predict how substances behave in different environments, such as the human body or a chemical reaction.
The table below shows the known pKa values for each main coffee acid.
| Coffee Acid | pKa | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Acetic Acid | 4.76 | Acetic acid has a pKa value of approximately 4.76 [6]. |
| Chlorogenic Acid | 3.3 | Chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-CQA) is the main acid in coffee [11]. |
| Citric Acid | 3.13, 4.46, 6.34 | Citric acid is a triprotic acid with three pKa values due to its three carboxylic acid groups [5]. |
| Lactic Acid | 3.85 | Lactic acid is a weak organic acid |
| Linoleic Acid | 4.8 or 9.24? | Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid and its acidity comes from the carboxyl group. The reports of pKa vary with one sources stating 9.24 [7] and another source 4.8 [6]. |
| Malic Acid | 3.4, 5.10 | Malic acid is a diprotic acid with two pKa values [5]. |
| Palmitic Acid | 4.75 | Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain. It is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms [10]. |
| Phosphoric Acid | 2.15, 7.20,12.3 | Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid with typical pKa values of approximately 2.15, 7.20, and 12.3 [6]. |
| Quinic Acid | 3.46 | Quinic acid, also known as quinate |
Note: Diprotic means it has two acid groups in its molecular structure. Triprotic means it has three acid groups in its molecular structure.
References
[1] http://www.coffeeresearch.org/science/sourmain.htm
[2] https://twistedgoatcoffee.com/blogs/coffee-101/how-to-make-coffee-less-acidic
[4] https://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/acid+pka+values
[5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7600838/
[7] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12505514
[8] https://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB112392
[9] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lactic-Acid
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid
[11] https://foodb.ca/compounds/FDB002562
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